Furman v. georgia Essay Example for Free

Furman v. georgia EssayThe ending penalty or detonator penalization has been part of our humanity for historic period and years. Existed since ancient times, according to people a person who has committed an atrocious act, was strong belief to devastation penalty or capital punishment. The devastation penalty begins back in the 18th century B.C. in the code of king Hammaurabi of Baylon who was accused of committing 25 crimes. In years past, the punishments where more wholly important(p) then today, the execution procedures had no boundaries, forms of killing where endless. Drowning, whacking, damnatio ad Bestia which was shoemakers last cause by a wild animal, dismemberment dividing the body into quarter-usu altogethery with an ax, throwing then off a high place, impalement ace of the most crucial consisting in beating them with a stick, buried alive, the guillotine decapitation, wretch they refer as the quick, clean and humane delegacy of doing the killing, remnant by torture, stoning crucifying was to a fault consider a death penalty act. Jesus Christ was crucified in Jerusalem part of his punishment for existence the son of God. Within times pass the process change a little to decapitation, execution, hanging, electrocution, execution by gas and the iodin use to date lethal injection.(1. History of death penalty) One of the cases that reach the Supreme Court and change the rightfulnesss in the linked States somewhat the death penalty was the case of Furman v. Georgia in 1971. William Henry Furman claimed that his sentencing violated his rights guaranteed by the 14th amendment. (The 14th Amendment was passed after the American Civil War, and was designed to prevent states from denying due process and equal protection downstairs the law to their citizens. And was dividing into sections the first section of the amendment was to revolutionize federalism, stated that no state could deprive either person of life, liberty, or property wit hout due process of law nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction.The equal protection of the laws, gradually the Supreme Court interpreted the amendment to mean the guarantees of the bill of rights apply to the states as swell as the national government.) (2. Our documents) Furmans v. Georgia Furman was a 26year old man with very little education. A man that struggle his whole life about making a living, was very depressed and moody all the time there were days when he didnt have anything to eat, and thats when he started fracture into homes to be able to survive.He was caught a couple of times but was giving a light or suspended sentence. A psychiatrist had already diagnosed him with emotionally disturbed and mentally impaired. But was still entering homes in order to live. On August 11, 1967 Furman enter a home and was going by dint of some things when he heard a noise and try to escape the home, some said he drop the gun and when it hit the ground it scenery and others said he felt and the gun discharge killing Mr. William Joseph Micke Jr. a husband and father of 5 children. The death was truly a tragic, it was an cam stroke that resulted in mar, and his carrying a gun was to protect himself in case or to even sc atomic number 18 a person and be able to run without any incidents.Furman despite of his conditions was convicted of murder and sentence to death in a one day trial. Although Furman did not intend to kill the resident he regales committed murder during the commission of a felony, and was an aggravating featureor, and the one in particular which made him eligible for the death penalty (3. Murderpedia) When the trial approached he pleaded not guilty by means of insanity, which was the advice of his appointed attorney. The court at that time order another psychiatric test and the physicians who examined agreed that he was mentally deficient and in the writing they concluded that Furman experienced mild to moderate psychotic episodes asso ciate with convulsive disorder. After a few weeks in a hospital assigned by the court, the Dr. said he knows whats right from wrong and that he was competent to stand trial for murder.Although killing was an accident, the state of Georgia at the time authorised that the death penalty be giving weather a murder took place during the commission of a felony. Furman had one thing going against him at all times he was a black man in the 60s and 70s and most blacks guilty of committing murder in that state was a reason enough to sentence to death penalty. In 1972 the case reach the Supreme Court which they rule 5-4 that the death penalty as then administered violated the 8th amendment proscription against ferocious and unusual punishment and the 14th amendment equal protection clause.The courts typically tailor the decision with a majority opinion written and sign by one of the justices. On occasion the court will issue a per curiam decision which takes the form of a brief, unassigned o pinion. All 9 judges had different opinions, although 5 justices voted to reverse the death sentences, there concurring opinions revealed that it was shaky coalition. Each majority justice, Mr. Douglas, Mr. Stewart, Mr. White, Mr. Marshall, and Mr. Brennan, wrote a separate concurring opinion supporting the majority decision. Each believed that Furman had thusly been deprived of his constitutional rights. The justices could not agree on an argument striking down the death penalty across the board, however. This unusual procedure reflected not and the intense differences of opinion within the majority, but also the difficulty of deciding the constitutionalityor presumed lack thereofof the death sentence.The four dissenters, Chief Justice Burger and Justices Blackmun, Powell, and Rehnquist, also wrote extensive opinions expressing their views against the majority opinion. Several argued taking the position of judicial restraint that the death penalty was a matter for the people to d ecide, through their legislatures. Others argued that emotional appeals were not appropriate in Supreme Court opinions. Finally, the dissenters were disturbed by the erosion of federalism and the unnecessarily invasive judicial activism practiced by the justices of the Warren Court. They said that it was disproportionally use to the poor and despised that it was applied in an arbitrary and capricious fashion. Justice Douglas was the man that came up with the idea to review the historic of the death sentence penalty for both America and England.This justice noticed that the laws was extremely inequitable because it was applied only to the minorities, the outcast and the smaller population in the country. He decide that the death penalty was unusual and against Gods Plan. Furman centered on the convictions and death sentences of 3 African American men. His case ended changing the way they see each single(a) case. (4. Law Cornell My opinion on this case is that everyone should be trea ty equally, his intent was to commit a crime of robbery not a murder.Unfortunaly we are all aware that the abominable justice system in the United States is imperfect and that we are aware of the flaws that exist within our system. I would of punished him with many years in prison house but not the death penalty due to it wasnt his intentions. Furman did not outlaw the death penalty. It just postulate states to prevent random, racial, unfair results by giving juries management to apply the death penalty fairly. After Furman, most states modified their death penalty laws. The sore laws created a two-phase system for death penalty cases. In the first phase, the jury decides if the defendant is guilty of murder. In the second phase, the jury hears new evidence to decide if the defendant deserves the death penalty.The new laws gave juries guidance for making this decision. (1,2,3,4) Following the case of Furman v. Georgia in 1972, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty system s were unconstitutional violations of the eighth Amendments legal community on cruel and unusual punishments. After this case many states changed their death penalty laws. Four years later in Gregg v. Georgia (1976), the Court reaffirmed the death penalty as constitutional. troy weight Gregg had been found guilty of murder and armed robbery and sentenced to death. He asked the Court to go further than it had in the Furman case, and rule the death penalty itself unconstitutional. The Court refused to do so. The Court found that Georgias system for applying the death penalty was judicious and careful. Gregg had gone through two trials one to determine guilt and one for sentencing.Further, specific jury findings of aggravating circumstances were necessary to impose the death penalty. There was therefore no Eighth Amendment violation, and the death penalty was constitutional. (5. Georgia encyclopedia/ 6. Lectlaw) Gregg v. Georgia took place on March, 1976. The case dealt with admini strative law this legal field controls the due process clause of the United States Constitution. The due process clause is defined as the governments obligation to respect and uphold the legal rights of American people during and after they are arrested.Both the Federal and state governments are required to protect and preserve a persons human rights and liberties. All governments of the United States are required to treat citizens in a fair and respectful manner during the arrest process. When he appealed his sentence as cruel and unusual and a violation of the Eighth Amendment, the US Supreme Court in a 7-2 decision upheld the sentence.The court ruled that the death penalty was an appropriate punishment in extreme criminal cases and that Georgia had settled appropriate values and other precautions to guide a jurys considerations in capital cases. He was sentence to death penalty do to the fact that he entered the house armed so he meant danger to the community and that his purpose was to commit the crime. The United States Supreme Court stated that the execution of Troy Leon Gregg was Constitutional due to the fact that Mr. Gregg was tried, head and sentenced through a formal judicial system. The night before he was supposed to be killed, Gregg escaped from prison and was killed in North Carolina following a fight. (7 law cornell) In this case the court upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty, defending statutes that guide judges and juries in the decision to issue the death sentence.The Court did, however, state that the madatory use of the death penalty would be prohibited under the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment. The defendent in this case, Gregg, had been convicted on two counts of armed robbery and two counts of murder. The jury was instructed by the trial judge, who was following Georgia state law, to return with either a decision of life imprisonment or the death penalty. Justice Byron stated in his opinion that Gregg had f ailed in his burden of showing that the Georgia Supreme Court had not through with(p) all it could to prevent discriminatory practices in the forming of his sentence. This decision became the first time the Court stated that punishment of death does not invariably violate the Constitution. (8. final stage penalty)

FEU Admission Policies for incoming Freshmen Essay Example for Free

FEU Admission Policies for incoming Freshmen EssayThe following policies for admission and retention sh wholly be effective School Year 2012-13 and apply to all incoming freshmen and transferees entering the school in that school year. 1. All incoming premier(prenominal) year shall be subject to the Universitys admission requirements, as administered by the Admissions Office 2. Students pursuing a degree in Accountancy shall be enrolled initially in the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration-Major in interior Auditing program (BSBA-IA). 3.To be eligible for admission to higher studies in the BSBA-IA program, BSBA-IA students shall pass a qualifying examination to be administered by the Institute after they commit taken Fundamentals of Accounting Part 2. This is usually scheduled near or at the end of the 1stSemester in the second year of the curriculum. Students enrolled in other(a) BSBA studys who have completed 12 units of Fundamentals of Accounting Parts 1 and 2 may take the examination and be admitted to the BSBA-IA program if qualified.The egress of the qualifying examination is final and not subject to appeal no retakes are allowed. Non qualifiers shall be advised to shift to another BSBA major. Non qualification after this first qualifying examination is a permanent disqualification from the BSBA-IA program. 4. To remain in the BSBA-IA program the student must meet all of the following requirements A. GWA of 2. 0 or go in all accounting, law, and taxation subjects, with no grade lower than 2.5 in either of these subjects B. Students may continue in the program only if the non-qualified subjects are re-enrolled and the required passing grade is attained. C. Pass a comprehensive examination at the end of each academic year covering all major subjects in the year level for the academic year unsuccessful examinees may be advised to shift to another major, re-enroll some guides, or retake the examination.Students who do not meet the gra de requirement are barred from taking the comprehensive examination. 5. All 4th year BSBA-IA students who have completed all course requirements shall be eligible for outset with the BSBA-IA degree. To be admitted to 5th year BS Accountancy, the student must pass a written comprehensive examination to be taken at the end of the 4thyear, BSBA-IA, Non-qualifiers may retake the comprehensive examination any number of times to qualify for 5th year BSA 6.To qualify for graduation with the BSA degree, the student must pass a comprehensive written examination at the end of the 5th year non passers may retake the examination any number of times until finally qualified. Students who fail for the third time shall re-enroll at least 6 units of 5th year subjects as recommended by the Dean or Associate Dean. Passing the written comprehensive examination is an absolute requirement for graduation.

Information Technology Is A Key To Business Success Information Technology Essay

study Technology Is A Key To Business Success learning Technology EssayInformation engineering science in like manner referred to as IT is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a patronage or other infixprise. In the melodic phrase context, the Information Technology has defined as the study, design, development, application, implementation or management of computer-based info systems. The business of instruction engine room is to flesh out business processes, provide nurture for decision making, connect business with their guests, and provide productivity tools to increase efficiency.Information Technology is the key enabler to improving customer satisfaction, in operation(p) efficiencies and by extension, profitability. Technology has been the great enabler of business and especially retail enterprise.Information technology is every(prenominal)where in business. Underst anding information technology provides great insight to anyone knowledge about business.Information Technology (IT) is fast becoming a key lever which management peck use to deliver operational benefits whether in diminution operational costs, entering emerging markets or scaling their business across multiple geographic regions. With advances in technology and its impact on todays business models, companies are increasingly pushing the boundaries to remain competitive. Information Technology is one key area to do this business need to view IT as an enabler rather than a cost center.OBJECTIVE (S)To explain the key of Information Technology for business to masteryTo know the advantages of Information Technology in BusinessTo describe the ship flair of Information Technology slew improve your business to successBODY OF THE ARTICLEKey of Information Technology for business to successInformation technology is a modern phenomenon that has dramatically changed the daily lives of in dividuals and businesses by dint ofout the world. Leveraging information technology for business success is key to survival in the modern business world. Information technology has grown into the business world by influencing companies to market their products, communicate and accomplish their jobs in modern organizations. IT made her firm to grow apace to its ability to leverage information technology and the internet to drive sales. This washstand helped the firm to have clients all over the world. It as well as helps the revenue enhancement of the firm to increase every year.Production technology has allowed modern companies to make substantial progress in operational efficiency and the effectiveness of human resources. Information technology has also changed the way that companies operate internally. Personal computers have become a necessity for a vast majority of corporate jobs, and umpteen manual labor jobs gather up the use of a handheld computer or other electronic device as well.Apple Success with information technologyApple achieved business success through the use of information, information technology and people by finding a way to make their product more interesting. With the use of information Apple repair in sales what would sell and who could benefit from their product and what would the pros outweigh the cons of their product. For example with certain products they make like the I Pad the coat is easy to carry you can play games and watch videos type papers throw photos its touch screen which the customers enjoy.Information technology (IT) enables managers to be more fit in the business function and the organization departments to be more effective. Information technology can control the use of computers and computers software. Apples CEO, late Steve Jobs wants to control the primary technology in everything he does. For example, he was obsessed with control, he wants i-Pod playing songs encoded by Apple only, but it will limit th e i-Pod markets. Then he came with the idea set down with a Windows compatible and that made i-Pods sales when up. Apples designs are distinctive and their devices rely more in standard technologies. His decision to change was fundamental to the exceptional success that Apple has over the past ten years.Advantages of Information Technology in BusinessInformation technology (IT) benefits the business world by enable organizations to acidulate more efficiently and to maximize productivity. Almost every work environment is dependent on information technology that related to computer applications. Since the computerized system so all-inclusively used, it is advantageous to incorporate information technology into an organization. For the storing and protecting information, information technology can creates electronic storage systems to protect your accompanys valuable records. The storage systems also can keep information safe by only allowing certain users within your company to ac cess, withdraw, add or change the documents.One of the most probatory benefits of information technology is the capability to stock a large amount of information. As you know, computers can keep records of the company in terms of data movements, transactions, customer records and others. This information could be used, analyzed, aggregated and displayed in any format, which gives the people in the business to make a great decision about the company. Instead, data can show system response times, financial analysis, customer trends, profitable customers and anything that is associated with the link. This can surely help to improve the operation and management of the company. Employers can use this to determine the ways and methods they need to do in order to know their employees according to performances.One of the major benefits of information technology in business is to increase the efficiency. mess look for ways to do more work in a shorter amount of time. The information techno logy improves your companys efficiency by developing automated processes to take burden off your staff. For example, your employees are free to work on other things while the computer runs their reports, creates queries, tracks projects and monitors financials. Beside that, the communication is essential to the business world, and information technology gives your company the resources it needs to communicate quickly and effectively. For example, your IT department can hook your employees up with email, video conferencing equipment and internal chat rooms, so that they always have an efficient way to conduct business and communicate.Information technology can assist the business to have an efficient and more effective customer service. This is the reason why many business owners are using the social media for them to promote their service and products. As there are now numerous people who use the social media, it is a great avenue for these businesses to use it in terms of interacti ng with their customers. Finally, information technology was undeniably very useful and functional in the field of business because every transaction can now be just simple and easy especially if the program or system used is designed well.Ways of Information Technology can improve your businessWhere can Information Technology best contribute to the business? By following this approach within your company, you can help focus your use of IT for increased business benet. The first way of information technology can improve your business is reduce the cost or expense. This is the benet of IT that rst comes to mind for most people. The original IT projects were put in place to automate processes in order to reduce cost, often by replacing large numbers of people with a few computers. , if your business is not competitive in your industry because of a higher than normal expense level, then this whitethorn be the most important way that IT can contribute to your business success. An exampl e of a case study for lowering costs is Amazon, which has used information technology to streamline its business in order fulfillment. IT projects also reduce expense by automating any process that requires heavy use of clerical people, or any process that uses highly repetitive well-dened procedures.The second way of information technology can improve your business is differentiation. For differentiation strategies, organizations try to make their products and go different from their competitors. Apple has been successful with this strategy by designing its computers to look much different from PCs and focusing on its computers ease of use. As another example, Amazon.com has secern its website by using certain information technologies, such as personalization technologies to recommend products to customers based on their previous purchases. Amazon.com also uses the one-click system for fast checkout. With this system, customers can enter credit card numbers and addresses once, an d in subsequent visits simply click once to make a purchase, without having to enter information again.For most businesses, increasing revenue offers higher payback than reducing expense. Its even more true when revenue can be added by increasing sales to existing customers, eliminating the necessity of supererogatory customer acquisition costs. Many E-commerce web sites in the dot com era were justied on the basis of increasing revenues, but most of them just provided an extra sales channel for existing customers, and actual revenues didnt increase. In addition to e-commerce web sites, one examples of systems that might increase revenues which is data warehouse systems can help diagnose customers who are most likely to buy as a result of certain types of promotion, or who would be more likely to buy as a result of cross-selling efforts.The other way of information technology can improve your business by improved the superior. An Information Technology can improve the quality of your products or services if the project implements process improvements that would be too time consuming or difcult to do without using computers. By improving quality, we can end up increasing revenue, improving customer retention, and even reducing cost, but quality improvement should be considered as a goal in itself. For example, when use of modeling software to better understand and predict product failures, and to take action before products fail.Beside that, improved customer satisfaction is the way of information technology can improve your business to success. Improving customers satisfaction is one of those things that is obvious, and yet very difcult. If customers are more satised then your revenues will grow, either through repeat purchases or through word-of-mouth advertising. Costs are likely to be lower as well, since you wont have to spend as much to deal with customer complaints and returns. Information Technology can help by providing web access for customers, a nd by making information available to customers by phone or by fax.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONFor the conclusion, Information Technology is essentially a wide and varied field. Information technology can travel rapidly up the time it takes new products to reach the market. From innovations in microprocessors to efficient drug delivery systems, information technology helps businesses respond quickly to changing customer requirements. separate than that, information technology provides a wide range of tools entrepreneurs can use to guide their new companies through the startup and growth stages.The companies that will succeed and pageantry in the 21st century are the companies that will understand what users need and will be able to offer them the experience that can be obtained through technology information systems. Modern information technology has gained popularity rapidly since the mid-twentieth century, and the trend is likely to continue into the future.Simply put, Information Technology has changed the business landscape due to its wide and varied scope.

Student Descriptions of Stress

Student Descriptions of StressTitleHow do second-year psychology educatees describe theirexperiences of university strive?Abstract purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews were used as well as Interpretative phenomenological analysis being utilised to analyse the reproductions and quality checks were implemented to increase the validity of the analysis. three superordinate themes were identified with distributively superordinate theme had two sub-themes each. Such qualitative interrogation is rare in the university related tense literature for psychology students. Suggestions for further research regarding students deal with university tautness.Introduction on that point are now more students aiming to enter an increasingly competitive job market, which exacerbates the pressure to achieve a respectable degree (Robotham & Julian, 2006). In addition to financial and employment pressures, as well as completing exams and assignments is a period of signifi cornerstone t change in a students life story sentence, with heightened levels of judge (Fisher & Hood, 1987). In a study conducted by Hirsch and Ellis (1996) the came to the conclusion that university students put extreme pressure on themselves to get a good grade, micturate a degree, and get a job as soon as they finish their studies. Although, this is possible to achieve, the negative effects that come with sort of pressure could develop a student to do poorly in one assignment or exam imputable to the try out they have subjected themselves too and create hitherto more nervous strain for themselves by punishing themselves for not achieving as good of grade as they could have. Moyle and Parkes (1999) believed thatgiven the high levels of filter out and change students are go about throughoutuniversity and the pressure placed on their coping resources, support from friendsand family is invaluable during this period. McEwan (2000) also claimed thatbrain regions respond to acute and c ontinuing taste and show changes in morphology and chemistry. Using the previous relevant research as a guidelineits expected that the participants will describe their experiences ofuniversity melody by revealing the sources of their stress and how they dealwith their stress.Method circuit card 1. plug-in depicting demographic information of participants used in this experiment ParticipantsFour second year students studying psychology at University participated in this piece of research. It was key to obtain information from a variety of different military positions however is some homogeneity in some participants such(prenominal) as gender, age, and subject of study (see Table 1). Purposive sampling was used in this piece of research because it bureau that the tec can select participants base upon a particular purpose to meet their particular needs.ProcedureA semi-structured interview was used tocollect information from the participants regarding their experiences of univer sitystress. This was decidedly the best method because it meant that the researchercould collect data relating to university stress exploitation wide-awake questions butcould also delve deeper into a participants answer by using probing questionsthat encourage involution on a certain point. The interviewer began richlyinforming the participant that the interview would be audio recorded and usedanonymously to analyse later on. This was fully by a full explanation briefedabout the purpose of the experiment and that the participant has the right towithdraw at anytime. The participant would be interviewed using the preparedquestions along with any probing questions used, as well as debriefed and afterthe participants were interviews the recording was then transcribed.Analytical approachA qualitative study was mind to bebest because it meant that the researcher could gather more detailed data fromthe participants. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was the chosenmethod o f analysis in this piece of research because it each(prenominal)owed the interviewerto explore the subjective experiences of the participant, and help to describeand understand the respondents account of the processes by which they make guts of their experiences of university stress (Brocki, Wearden,2006). Criticalrealism is the ontological stance of IPA this means that there is a realityhowever it is subjective because everyone interprets reality in different ways(Furlong, Marsh, 2010). This means that the epistemological stance of IPA isinterpretive because it attempts to make sense of the subjective views (Furlonget al, 2010). IPA was used as a method of analysing the data by creating replicas from each participants audio recording. Each replica was readseveral times so that the researcher was familiar the data which was then codedin order to create emergent themes which would eventually become categorizedinto superordinate themes. The process was the same for each participant resulting in a table p surveiling the superordinate themes, sub-themes, andquotes from the transcripts to support the creation of the themes.ReflexivityQualitative analysis is a subjectiveprocess and IPA recognises that a researchers perspective usually affects theanalysis (Golsworthy & Coyle, 2001).Having a good understanding of IPA means that the researchers personalperspective relative to the research topic is presented, to assist the readersinterpret the analysis and for hydrofoil (Elliott et al. 1999).The researchers interpretative framework has been enticed by previousresearch in stress. It is also recognised that the analysis is influenced bythe researchers perspective and the framework applied to understand the data.Findings Table 2. Table of key themes Effects of student stressThe results of how the participants expound their experiences of university related stress revealed that therewere a range of different effects of stress that can stretch from physicaleffects to psy chological effects, which were found to be a dominant effects ofstress (see appendix 2 for themes and quotations). The psychological effects ofstress can be seen in flagstones transcript in which she stated thatI dont know how to put it in words, not just stress, it was the worst facial expression ever.When you opine what close people gothrough in their lives, for her to say it was the worst feelingever goes to show the toll stress had taken on her cause her to feelthe worst she has ever felt. There is also march in Jessicas transcript inwhich she described one of her experiences in dealing with university relatedstress as feeling so much anxiousness that it felt like she was drowning. There isalso severalise in Anils transcript which reveals that he suffers from highlevels of anxiety but without mention of a drowning sensation. There is further secernate of psychological effects of stress in Smokies transcript whichsuggest that he regularly suffers from mini breakdowns that help to motivatehim to work but the motivation goes after a day or two which creates anothermini breakdown due to the buildup of responsibilities.There is also evidence to suggest thatthe participants suffered from physiologic effects as well as psychologicaleffects. The main evidence comes from Anils transcript in which he describedone effect of his university related stress that stated My face gets lots of spots when I am feeling stress. For the effects of stress to manifest ina physical way is worrying but not uncommon, for example in Smokies transcripthe revealed that he cries a lot because of university related stress. In Irisstranscript she describes an effect of university related stress by revealingthat coping with all the responsibilities and stress of university makes herfeel weak, which would be categorized as a physiological effect as well as apossible psychological effect due to the fact that you feel weakness ratherthan show it.Sources of student stressThe results of how the participantsdescribed their experiences of university related stress revealed that therewere a variety of different sources of stress for university students whichrange from university work such as assignments or exams, to life aftergraduation. Both are considered in these participants transcripts to bedominant sources of stress. University work as a source of stress for itsstudents is evident in all transcripts with perchance the most evident comes fromAnils transcript in which he states that A time umm when I experienced stress the most during university is when I have a immense report due. This not only reveals one source ofstress for this student to be reports set by the university but it also goes toshow that this participant feels most stressed at university when set reports.This also relates to Smokies transcript in which he described his stresslevels as being high when it came to deadlines which isnt that dis identical toAnils quotation due to the fact that both fe el highly stressed because of workset by the university. Further evidence can be found in Jessicas transcript inwhich she described her feeling of drowning in anxiety to be a result of a lackof understanding when it came to analysing data. depict for his future life as a sourceof stress for university student is evident in the transcripts but the mostevident comes from Smokies transcript which stated that teachers do things for me and like my parents do things for me, because I dont feel ready to do things for myself.Again, this not only reveals his mainfear for his future life to be, but it also shows how he has got as far as hehas, which is down to the support he gets from those around him. This can alsobe support by Jessicas transcript which described her opinion of her futurelife as one of confusion as to what her she would be doing in her future lifeand whether she would delight in it or not. There is also evidence in Irisstranscript which reveals that she is still struggling with dealing with all theuniversity related stress but she is hopeful that her future life will bebetter.Dealing with student stress The results of how the participantsdescribed their experiences of university related stress revealed that therewere several different methods of dealing with stress used by the participantsranging from the support of family and friends, to the amount of support theygive themselves. Evidence of support from family and friends as a method ofdealing with stress can be found in all the participants transcripts, however,the main evidence for this point comes from Iriss transcript in which she statesthatMy mum is always being there for me and loves me and Ihave had some other woman in my life, I talk to her about my problems.This reveals evidence of support not only fromher mother but also from another woman who isnt a family member but would beregarded by her as a friend that supports her. This example is not unlikeJessicas transcript in which she reveals that she uses her flatmates as amethod of coping with her stress.Another example of a participant usingthe support of family and friends as a method of dealing with universityrelated stress comes from Smokies transcript in which he says that he gets alot of help from his parents and when he usually gets stressed out withuniversity work he talks to his friends.Self-support is what a person does ordoesnt do to help themselves throughout their first two years of university.Evidence from Jessicas transcription states thatI procrastinate a lot whenever I have something to do for Uni, suddenly I get a major absorb to do something else.This clearly shows the lack ofself-support she gave herself which meant that instead of doing university workshe would ignore her responsibilities and find something else to do. Thisresults in a build up of responsibilities that can create an overwhelmingfeeling of stress and possibly cause other problems for the student accordingto the evidence previously discussed regarding the manifestation ofpsychological problems into physicals ones, for example Anil and his facialspots.More evidence for a lack of self-supportcan be seen is all the transcripts, for example in Smokies transcript in whichhe describes himself as a corner-cutter who often does things he doesnt enjoywith half of his effort even though he understands that this is one of thereasons why he gets behind on his university work creating more stress forhimself. Further evidence can be found in Anil and Iriss transcripts in whichthey both reveal that they struggle when it comes to self-support. Anil getsstressed when he attempts to tackle problems by himself, whereas Iris goesthrough periods of time where she feels like she cannot deal with problems byherself. DiscussionIn summation, the analysis of the datahas revealed that the participants all describe their experiences of universitystress in a similar manner the effects of stress on students, sources ofstress for students, and dealing with student stress. Each superordinate themehad two sub-themes each, which were the result of a variety of emergent themesthat were combined and adapted to equate to the final themes in the analysis.The participants descriptions of theeffects of university stress related to those described by McEwen (2000) whobelieved that stress began in the brain and affected all organs and muscles butnone more so than the brain. Using his research combined with this experimentsdata means that its possible localize psychological effects of stress to theburden of chronic stress which can result in behavioral changes (smoking,excessive eating, binge drinking, little or no sleep). Physiological effects ofstress can be localised using the same method in which McEwan (2000) claimedthat brain regions respond to acute and chronic stress and show changes inmorphology and chemistry. This could justify why the participants were affectedthe ways they were.The difficulties related to university work but more specifically exams and assignments, can be linked to Yumatov(2001) who reported that exams can influence a strong psychological andemotional reaction in students, with feelings of stress experienced before andduring, that can persist until they receive their results afterwards, with manyexperiencing anxiety and stress over the outcome. Gadzella(1998)argued that its the uncertainty and anxiety that is the main cause of thestress as opposed to the exam itself. The pressure of graduation as well as hazard graduation life is as serious source of stress as any according to thedata from this experiment and is also supported by Hirsch and Ellis (1996).This could rationalise what the sources of the participants university stress was.The participants experience of dealingwith university stress can be related to other similar cases such as Moyle andParkes (1999) who believe that given the high levels of stress and changestudents are faced throughout university and the pressure placed on theircoping resources, support from friends and family is invaluable during thisperiod. Without friends, students have more limited resources at their governanceto assist them in the university work as well as emotional support. An absenceof friends also makes it more likely to consider dropping out (Paul &Brier, 2001).This could explain why the participants used the supportive systems they used.Using a qualitative approach provideddepth and detail in that it looked deeper than analysing ranks and counts byrecording attitudes, feelings and behaviours. Similar to the reason why asemi-structured interview was chosen because it allows the interviewer to bemore spontaneous in their questioning without being too sporadic. That beingsaid, there are usually less people are studied in qualitative report becausea collection of data is generally more time consuming that quantitative datacollection and therefore unless time, staff and budget allows it is generallynecessary to inclu de a smaller sample size. It also means that its difficultto generalise because few people are studied and its not possible togeneralise results to that of the population. A qualitative report is alsodependent on skills the of the researcher particularly in the case ofconducting interviews, focus groups and observation. As an overall summation ofthis study it can be concluded that there is need for further research regardinguniversity stress as a result of the data and previous relevant research.ReferencesAbouserie, R. (1994).Sources and levels of stress in relation to locus of control and self esteem inuniversity students. Educational psychology, 14(3), 323-330.Brocki, J. M., & Wearden, A. J.(2006). A critical evaluation of the use of interpretative phenomenologicalanalysis (IPA) in health psychology. Psychology and health, 21(1),87-108.Dahl, C. M., & Boss, P. (2005). Theuse of phenomenology for family therapy research. Research methods in familytherapy, 2, 63-84.Denovan, A., & Ma caskill, A. (2013).An interpretative phenomenological analysis of stress and coping in first yearundergraduates. British Educational Research Journal, 39(6),1002-1024.Elliott, R., Fischer, C. T., &Rennie, D. L. (1999). Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitativeresearch studies in psychology and related fields. British journal ofclinical psychology, 38(3), 215-229.Fisher, S., & Hood, B. (1987). Thestress of the transition to university a longitudinal study of psychologicaldisturbance, absentmindedness and vulnerability to homesickness. Britishjournal of psychology, 78(4), 425-441.Furlong, P., & Marsh, D. (2010). Askin not a sweater Ontology and epistemology in political science. Theoryand methods in political science, 184-211.Gadzella, B. M. (1994).Student-life stress inventory Identification of and reactions to stressors. Psychologicalreports, 74(2), 395-402.Gadzella, B. M., Masten, W. G., &Stacks, J. (1998). Students stress and their learning strategies, testanxiety, and a ttributions. College Student Journal.Golsworthy, R., & Coyle, A. (2001).Practitioners accounts of religious and ghostlike dimensions in bereavementtherapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 14(3), 183-202.McEwen, B. S. (2008). Central effects ofstress hormones in health and disease Understanding the protective anddamaging effects of stress and stress mediators. European journal ofpharmacology, 583(2), 174-185.Paul, E. L., & Brier, S. (2001).Friendsickness in the transition to college Precollege predictors and collegeadjustment correlates. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79(1),77-89.Robotham, D., & Julian, C. (2006).Stress and the higher education student a critical review of the literature. Journalof further and higher education, 30(02), 107-117.Ross, S. E., Niebling, B.C., & Heckert, T. M. (1999). Sources of stress among college students. Socialpsychology, 61(5), 841-846.Smith, J. A., & Osborn, M. (2007).Pain as an assault on the self An interpretative phenomenological analys is ofthe psychological impact of chronic benign low back pain. Psychology andhealth, 22(5), 517-534.Weinstein, L., &Laverghetta, A. (2009). College student stress and satisfaction with life. CollegeStudent Journal, 43(4), 1161.Yumatov, E. A., Kuzmenko, V. A.,Badikov, V. I., Glazachev, O. S., & Ivanova, L. I. (2001). Emotional stressin students during examinations. Human Physiology, 27(2),221-227.Appendix 1Table 1. Table depicting demographic information of participants used in this experiment Appendix 2 Table 2.Table of Themes, quotes, and where to find them in their transcriptions

Curriculum Development

Curriculum breedingUnit 6 Curriculum Development for inclusive course sessionCurriculum is defined as the following a specific blueprint for discipline that is derived from content and performance standards. Curriculum takes content and shapes it into a plan for effective statement and culture. and so, class is more than a ecumenic frame domesticate, it is a specific plan with identified lessons in an appropriate form and eon for directing t apieceing (Wiggins and McTighe, 1998).The word syllabus is actually a Latin word for race get across. Curriculum is the activities that learners leave behind undertake to achieve their learning goals.The planning, learners familiarity and nightclub in which it occurs ar all theatrical role of the class. There atomic number 18 a huge and vast amount of elements that dish up shape a course of study. There are many different methods and approaches to the design and implementation of political platform and a lot is dependant on the teachers approach of it. In the world of raising, the curriculum can knowing around the objectives of the clients specifications.Most of the time curriculum is based on the organisational regards of learning and objectives, for poser, their curriculum. Approval from external agencies, for example, awarding bodies give approval for the qualification to be delivered. The awarding bodies supply the computer programme or guidance which gives the teacher the information and framework for delivery and estimation of the subject matter. External agencies may provide keep in some cases and in this instance the product line leave behind only be provided once the funding has been attained.Within the training in-house sector of precept, it is normally the business concern and individual destinys that sets the benchmark for the requirement of bespoke training paths. In house training/teaching cater for the needs of the staff and in the legal age a lot of the railss attained by the learners do not lead to formal qualifications.In all of the above instances the organisation will supply the syllabus or logical argument content to shape the curriculum. If the syllabus or course content is not available the teacher will have to develop their have got based around the subject that has to be delivered. The aim of the teachers is to identify the learning needs, styles and the potential of the learners, this needs to be achieved at the prior to the start of the students learning.As an example of this a schools curriculum comprises both statutory elements (including the National Curriculum, religious education and careers educations) and non statutory elements (priorities defined by the school). An area where there will be a significance of equality and diversity in the design of the curriculum would be children with multi-sensory impairments. One of the fundamental principles of the code of practice is that all children, including those with special educational needs should be offered full access to a broad, balanced and applicable education. This is what the national curriculum was designed to provide. Some children who are multi-sensory-impaired will follow the National Curriculum, normally with additional support. Others will follow a modified form of it. Still others will follow more specialised developmental curricula which will include teaching a child things that non-disabled children already know by the time they start school.Even children who follow the same curriculum as non-disabled peers, however, will usually need additional elements because of their sensory impairment. These may relate to* mobility skills, communication, sensory development or other aspects specifically affected by deaf blindness* therapy needs for example, physiotherapy* concepts usually learned incidentally for example, the interpersonal and independence skills apply at break or meal timesAll teachers modify the curriculum in order to meet the range o f learning needs in their class. Children who are multi-sensory-impaired are likely to need the curriculum modified on an individual basis, because each childs combination of hearing impairment, visual impairment, other disabilities and learning characteristics will be different.There are many models which affect the delivery of curriculum, way in which a teacher must attain the end result, should and could deliver to the learners.For example, the product model focuses hugely on the outcomes of a course. The product model is also referred to as the behavioural objectives model. An example could be of a first aid course, the teacher has to teach what must be taught in order to facilitate the learners to pass. Training in the workplace is very much(prenominal) honed to the product/behavioural model of curriculum development. The teacher focus predominantly on what must be taught rather than focusing on what should or could be taughtThe behavioural model of learning concentrates on t he measurable outcome of curriculum. The advantages of the behavioural model are that there is normally a general statement of intent and this is hopefully ensuring avoidance of vagueness. The measurement cognitive process is actually more precise. The learning should be step by step and it should focus on the previously learned material. Ralph Tyler (1971) stated that there is a guideline for curriculum development that the interacting influences of organized scholarship, the learner, and society should provide the dominant source and influence for curriculum development. Tyler organized his model into four fundamental questions, which he stated should be answered when designing curriculum1. What are your curriculum aims and objectives?2. Which learning experiences meet these aims and objectives3. How can these learning experiences be organised into a curriculum programme?4. How can this programme be evaluated?The Tyler surmise to date is the most influential model of all in pre paration of curriculum, the needs of society at the time of development and the needs of the learner at the time of development should be compulsory. The ever evolving kind psychological science of our society must be accounted for, exactly what are the educational purposes needing to be attained. The focus should be related to previous learning and experiences and after analyse the factors how is the curriculum design going to pass over and attain the objectives that may not have been reached previously.The philosophy of education will profoundly affect a students life. It is providing the foundations, the aspects of knowledge and social experiences are needed to improve learners futures. An example could be of training, the different settings and mutli-cultural workforce will have a variation on the curriculum. The curriculum will need to be designed in partnership with the employers, so a competency framework will be met. Aims and objectives will have to set within in the comp etency framework which over time changes with legislation and regulations. The learning experiences should organised into the curriculum and depth, complexity of the subject, ensuring that it covers all levels of learners attainment. Then course needs to be evaluated, how will the course be evaluated and the key objectives attained?Simplistically the Tyler theory in practice is the most fool proof design of curriculum. The curriculum can be native and open to interpretation. Needs analysis previous to design of curriculum is imperative, the findings should be summarised and should formulate part of the curriculum development documentation, which is practice is fantastic if you have the relevant information prior to course delivery. The world of training can be ad-hoc and trainers are not always privy to this information.However, the behavioural model approach has get criticism. One of the arguments against the behavioural model is that the affective domain cannot be considered ade quately in terms of specific behaviours. The affective domain describes learning objectives that emphasize a feeling tone, an emotion, or a degree of acceptance or rejection, thus it cannot be assessed adequately and the behaviour model will discourage creativity on the part of both learner and teacher. In the 1980s behaviourism was superseded by the humanistic approach to curriculum design and implementation.The process model concentrates on course content, relevant knowledge and skills that can be learnt and applied. This model focuses on teachers activities, the conditions in which the learning takes place and the learner activities. An example could include when a person pays for their course of study. The learner would be getting the benefit of what must and should be covered as well as what could be delivered.Stenhouse (1975) quoted the English dictionary when defining curriculum as a course especially a regular course of study as at school or university. Most of the time the course design/curriculum is what the governing bodies have decided should be taught. The sets what exactly as teachers in advance what learning is going to be planned, achieved and what goals should be produced to the subjected be taught.Stenhouse challenged the view that teachers need to be objective in their view of curriculum, realistic even, to ensure that there is a balance between the intentions and realities that the curriculum design will get the best outcomes for their students. He draws comparisons the process of curriculum as to a recipe in cookery, the recipe is followed and the result would be a dish.In theory this can be a tried and tested, for example, how to you know if the curriculum design has achieved all the education goals until the there is a evaluation at the end of the course? How many pass grades and how many failures. Like making a cake it doesnt always rise the way youd wished it to. Often when baking the ingredients need to be adjusted or the timings.In 2001, DDA (Disability Discrimination Act). was introduced, fortunately this means that teaching must always be inclusive, counting for the needs all of learners The curriculum must encompass best practice principles of equality and diversity in all areas. Equality of opportunity and provision means giving every student the same learning environment, and is an important element of schooling. Equality and diversity means giving students what is necessary to extend them to their full potential. Some may need additional tuition to forge them to the standard of the rest of the group, while others may need additional tuition to take them beyond the group because they are capable of further development and learning.It is imperative to ensure that all students are able to access the curriculum it is important to consider the curriculum content, as well as the teaching and learning practices use within a design.With regards to design of curriculum we have to attain why and what. The educat ional ideology such as the fundamental values, beliefs and assumptions this is extremely prevalent in the world of care, the format is normally set out by the governing bodies such as the Commission of Social carry off Inspection. Normally the needs that the course must met are the needs set out by the governing body to attain the best level of care for Service Users. For the main part with training, cost analysis plays heavy, is the course a requirement under the recommendations that have been implemented by the governing body?Learners in this social care guinea pig are normally trying to achieve and meet performance criteria, the learning outcomes are normally behavioural as the learning is skill based. However the curriculum is not considered a complete entity and does not provide every opportunity relevant to qualifying as a health care worker. Ongoing learning will provide opportunities to evidence knowledge, skills, experience, values and ethics. Some of the methods used to deliver the curriculum are essential others that are not are open to negotiation. A diversity of methods of learning is useful to meet the different learning styles of students. The main objective must be continuity for the learners and teachers alike. Coordinated Curriculum is very much relevant in the Social Care Sector. Coordinated curriculum is the method of linking different subjects/contents together. It establishes the links between the subjects for example in Social Care it would link the psychology, sociology, biology and practice together. Coordinated curriculum means that there is a greater emphasis on the total context in which teaching and learning take place.Realistically in Social Sector teachers/trainers will be using both product and process models. The process objective happens when you careen tell in advance will exactly the student will learn advance, health and social can unmanageable in the fact that you are dealing with human beings (patients/service users) a nd they dont always follow the curriculum recipe. Therefore, evaluation will be invaluable in ascertaining if effective learning has taken place. This should help identify any problems within the curriculum design, reflection on the needs of the organisation, the syllabus and learners.Evaluation is should be the process through which teachers judge the quality of their work, their admit work and their students. Formative evaluations, which involve a continual stream of reflection and feedback, and allow the educator or student to continually adjust and improve their work while its ongoing. Traditionally, teachers have emphasized summative evaluations, where feedback is gathered only after instruction has been completed. Both strategies are necessary to provide for effective curriculum assessment and student education. A teachers skill in the classroom assessment is essential to the goal of student success. In evaluating the curriculum can only lead to a teachers continuing professi onal development in the Life long learning sector.If the evaluation and assessment of curriculum is to be meaningful, teachers must be able to relate their learning to their personal experience and practice. Kolbs Learning Cycle, outlines the four stages involved in any successful learning experience. Learning is defined as a process in which experience is changed into knowledge. In turn, knowledge creates a foundation and opportunity for learning. In Kolbs four-staged cycle, the individual reflects on experience and draws on conclusions, which can be used to influence future action. In this way, practice, reflection, theory and action become essential parts of professional development and therefore assist with the future of improving practice in inclusive curriculum design.After reading and studying the different models of curriculum, one can draw comparisons from the Ralph Tylers Basic Principles of Curriculum Instruction (1949). As a trainer clear definitive learning objectives a re set out by the customer, the learning will hopefully be a useful experience to the candidate and will have a cumulative effect. Tylers model applies the importance of evaluating the curriculum and revising any aspects that do not prove to be effective. Thus the importance of continuing professional development, evaluation, assessment and reflection play heavy in the product model of curriculum.The other model used in training would be the process model by Laurence Stenhouse An introduction to Curriculum research and development (1975). Teachers or trainer have to have a high level of professionalism and competence in their specialist subject area. The content is defined in cognitive terms the process is that the learner needs to go through to learn. As mentioned earlier in the assignment, Stenhouse draws comparison to making a cake and with the social care sector the same methodology can be used. If a candidate/learner has been taught to use a hoist but then drops the patient th en this would question the realities and intentions of the curriculum.In conclusion, it is important that the teacher is always involved at all stages of any curriculum development and review. This will ensure that quality assurance happens at all stages of development. The teacher therefore can be unconditional that all parts of curriculum contains all the relevant information such as the course goal, aims and objectives, rationale, entry requirements, evaluation, assessment etc. Any curricula should ensure that schools/ high education programs must be delivered in the most effective and up to date manner as possible. In reviewing the subject of curriculum it should enable a teacher to reflect on addressing the identified needs of the students within the educational establishments or programmes. Curriculum should also provide a tool for examining the quality and completeness of the curriculums components for, example, instructional principles, functional knowledge, self-perception s, attitudes, skills, and duration. Through constant analysis it will help to determine the degree of fidelity between the curriculum and its application in the classroom and assess the impact of the curriculum on students knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour.As David Ausubel (1969) suggested the learning process should be approached like a mental journeyGeoff Petty quotes We should seek a win-win curriculum that puts the needs of individuals on equal terms with economic and other factors. The quote really say it all as we are purely developing curriculum with the main objective of imparting knowledge and skills on the learners of the future which will hopefully have a positive effect on the economy in the 21st century.BibliographyGray D, Griffin C and Nasta T (2005) Training to Teach in Further and Adult Education. Cheltenham, UK. Nelson Thornes Ltd.Armitage, A et al (2007) Teaching and Training in Post-Compulsory Education, Maidenhead, Open University PressReece, I Walker, S., (2 005) Teaching, Training Learning a practical guide. (5th Edition). Sunderland Business Education PublishersWalkin, L (1990) Teaching and Learning in Further Education, Cheltenham, Stanley Morris earningsNational Curriculum http//curriculum.qca.org.uk/Accessed on 21st February 2009Qualifications and Curriculum Authority http//www.qca.org.uk/Accessed on 25th February 2009

Motherhood in The Summer Before the Dark by Kate Brown and The Fifth ch

M early(a)hood in The Summer Before the Dark by Kate chocolate-brown and The Fifth child by Harriet Lovatt Motherhood is a conventional role for women. From the time they are young, girls are taught to grow up, marry and become flummoxs. Of course they chiffonier do other things with their lives like play sports, have careers, and travel, but an overwhelming amount of women want to be mothers no matter what else they accomplish with their lives. It is common acquaintance that being a good mother is one of the hardest jobs in the world. It is to forever have a special link with another person or mint and have a tremendous influence, maybe the most tremendous influence over their lives. Motherhood is a roller coaster ride for women, full of ups and downs, fears and accomplishments. But what happens when motherliness defines who a woman is? All children grow up, and while a woman is always a mother, children need their mothers less and less until eventually their dependence is g enuinely minimal. What happens to the woman whose singular role and purpose is no longer needed? In The Summer Before The Dark, and The Fifth Child, the maternal roles of Kate Brown, and Harriet Lovatt are analyzed and traditional motherhood behavior is deconstructed due to these characters experiences and relationships with their children. Kate Brown is the typical middle class, attentive mother who dedicates her entire life to raising her children and being a supportive married woman to her husband. She has been a mother for the vast majority of her life, and that is the only role she has known. Her first child had been born at twenty-two. The last was born well before she was cardinal (Lessing, 18). This novel takes place when Kate is forty- five, so for 23 years, Kate has been a mother and a wife. This has been the basis of her existence. Kates four children have structured her existence, as can be seen in her almost maternal responses to young people she encounters in her life (Lee, 17). All Kate knows how to do is be a mother and take care of other people. This is apparent in her relationships with people at Global Food, (the place where she is hired to be a translator), and with both Jeffrey her younger lover) and Maureen, (her roommate). Her maternal instincts are extremely square and at the beginning of the novel, it seems that is all that defines her. She comes to the realization that her younges... ...other due to her young age and lack of exposure to the world. Harriet Lovatt had experience in the world but unleashed it when she became a mother in hopes of dedicating all her efforts to being a good mother, until eventually this very drive to be a good mother caused her world to crumble. She realized that in order to save herself, she would have to liberate the relentless drive to attain her goal of being a good mother. She had to let go just as Kate Brown did. For the woman with grown- up children and not enough to do, whose energies must be sw itched from the said children to less vulnerable targets, for everybodys sake, her own as well as theirs (www.galileo.usg.edu)The last part of this quote is pivotal. The mothers must consider everyone involve, including themselves. They must take their own interests into account and care about how they will turn out in the long run. This act, itself, defies traditional motherhood roles. In all actuality, mothering is a selfless act and mothers think about themselves last, if at all. But sometimes, for the sake of themselves, their souls, and their families, mothers have to position themselves first for the sake of everyone involved.

Advertising Industry Should Market America to the Islamic World :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

The American Advertising Industry Should Market America to the Muslim WorldThe factual power in the world today is not in the western technology, economy or military. Rather it is in images and their use in a schema of communication called symbolism. In effect, the real power of the world today is in the symbolism of western culture. It is this power which threatens the religion of Islam. The power of the western world to bring in and communicate this symbolism to other parts of the world, and particularly the middle eastern world of the Islamic religion, is at the root of the problem the Judeo-Christian west faces with the Islamic middle east. If one accepts the hypothesis that symbolism might be at the root of the problem, it seems important to understand 1) the basic messages of this symbolism and 2) whether these messages might be manipulated or recruited as warriors in the approaching battle. Certainly the western world has been adept at directing its symbols mainly inward towards western culture in the ch goatis of propaganda and the persuasion of our advertising into a consumer culture. American consumer culture was created by the application and manipulation of these symbols. Emerging questions of today are 1) whether Americans can come to see coming events of the world in a symbolic context and 2) whether this knowledge of symbolic context will help them direct their symbol making powers outward sooner than inward. Right now, Americas symbol making powers are directed inward at persuasion and propaganda of the populace. Anyone who doubts this simply needs to push the button to CNN for about an hour. But, might it be directed outward towards propaganda of the western civilization into the Islamic culture? We might say that it is not right to use propaganda to achieve goals. Yet, there is a massive amount of evidence that Americas enemies use many forms of propaganda against America. If our enemies can use propaganda against America, why shouldnt America enlist its greatest propaganda machines in Hollywood and Madison Avenue in the great coming battle? Of course we do this on a simple Coke or McDonalds type of global expansion philosophy for American brands and the unrelenting promotion of that rather ambiguous beehive archetype symbol of ideas and emotions called globalism. But here I mean more of a kick ass Marine philosophy of putting Madison Avenue and Hollywood into the coming war that CNN constantly advertises to us in a ubiquitous logo.